Reproductive investment in relation to survival risk in a livebearing fish
Identifieur interne : 007E63 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 007E62; suivant : 007E64Reproductive investment in relation to survival risk in a livebearing fish
Auteurs : K. Lindström [Finlande] ; C. St Mary [États-Unis] ; B. Gunnels [États-Unis] ; R. Hale [États-Unis] ; C. Osenberg [États-Unis] ; S. Stevens [États-Unis] ; J. Vonesh [États-Unis] ; J. Wilson [États-Unis]Source :
- Journal of Fish Biology [ 0022-1112 ] ; 2003-12.
Descripteurs français
- Wicri :
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- 1cardiff school, 1department, 1fisheries research services, 2fisheries research services, Aberrant stickleback, Acipenser ruthenus, Aculeatus, African catfish, Aggressive behaviour, Aggressive mimicry, Alternative mating tactics, Anglia, Animal ecology, Animal sciences, Aquaculture, Aquaculture science, Ashworth laboratory, Atlantic salmon, Atlantic salmon parr, Barbu, Bartram hall, Beaugregory damselfish, Behaviour, Behavioural, Behavioural interaction, Behavioural interactions, Behavioural studies, Better understanding, Biological sciences, Biology, Bitterling, Bitterling population dynamics, Body mass, Body size, British isles, British isles paper abstracts, Brood pouch, Brook, Brook trout, Brook water velocity, Brown trout, Buffer effect, Cannibalism, Cardiff, Cardiff university, Caribbean cleaning gobies, Centre, Cerebellar function, Chaos theory, Charlottelund castle, Chemical communication, Chemical cues, Cleaner wrasses, Cleanerfish mimics, Cleaning gobies, Cleaning interactions, Cleaning stations, Cleaning symbioses, Cognitive ability, Common garden, Conspecific, Coral, Coral colony, Coral reef fishes, Countergradient variation, Crenicichla alta, Cue, Cyprinid fishes, Czech republic, Dalhousie university, Damselfish, Danio rerio, Danish institute, Danube river, Deep water, Different light intensities, Different populations, Different size, Dispersal, Dominance hierarchies, Dominance rank, Dominant fish, Dynamics, Early life history characteristics, East anglia, Ecology, Ectoparasite, Ectoparasite availability, Ectoparasite loads, Edinburgh, Edward llwyd building, Elacatinus evelynae, Electronic data storage tags, Energetic costs, Energy expenditure, Environmental, Environmental conditions, Environmental extremes, European bitterling, Excysted metacercariae, Experimental control, Experimental zoology group, Familiar fish, Familiarity preferences, Feed intake, Female bitterling, Female quality, Fertilization, Field data, Filial cannibalism, First evidence, Fish, Fish behaviour, Fish biology, Fish cognition, Fish movements, Fish species, Fish stocks, Fish welfare, Fisheries research, Fisheries society, Fishery, Flow regions, Focal fish, Food availability, Food resources, Foraging, Foraging behaviour, Freshwater, Freshwater laboratory, Freshwater mussels, Functional response, Future studies, Gadus morhua, Gasterosteus, Gasterosteus aculeatus, Genetic basis, Genetic differences, Gill chamber, Girardinichthys multiradiatus, Goby, Greater numbers, Growth rate, Guppy, Habitat, Habitat choice, Habitat preference, Hatchery, Hatchery fish, Helsinki, Homing behaviour, Honest signal, Host behaviour change, Important fish species, Individual differences, Individual fish, Internal fertilization, Intraspecific variability, Isle, Juvenile atlantic salmon, Juvenile sticklebacks, Karlskrona archipelago, Knipowitschia panizzae, Kyoto japan, Kyoto university, Laboratory experiments, Laboratory studies, Lake tana, Large males, Larger males, Larval dispersal, Late afternoon, Leeds, Life cycle, Light environments, Light intensities, Light intensity, Littoral zone, Louis compton miall building, Lowestoft, Lowestoft laboratory, Main building, Male, Male competition, Male mating success, Male sticklebacks, Marine biology, Marine ecology, Marine science, Marine species, Mating success, Mating system, Mating systems, Migratory behaviour, Model species, Model system, Mosquito fish, Mussel, Natural populations, Natural resources, Neighbour, Nemachilus angorae, Nest opening, Network theory, Nocturnal foraging excursions, Normal distribution model, Normal stickleback males, Norwich, Nova scotia, Olfactory, Olfactory cues, Olfactory sensitivity, Original group, Other fish families, Other guppies, Other hand, Oviposition, Oviposition choices, Oviposition decisions, Oxygen levels, Pakefield road, Paper abstracts, Parablennius tentacularis, Paralichthys olivaceus, Parasite, Parasitic, Park place, Parr, Physiological condition, Piscivorous barbus, Plaice, Poecilia reticulata, Pool habitat, Population biology, Population densities, Population differences, Population dynamics, Population structure, Predation, Predator, Predator attack, Predator inspection, Predator inspection behaviour, Present data, Present study, Prey, Prey selection, Prey size, Putative prey, Queen mary, Recent work, Reproductive, Reproductive behaviour, Reproductive success, Resource competition, Results show, Rhodeus sericeus, River discharge, Salmo salar, Salmo trutta, Salmon, Salmon parr, Salmonid, Same time, Secondary males, Several species, Sexual selection, Shallow waters, Shoal, Shoaling, Shoaling behaviour, Shoaling tendency, Significant differences, Single males, Small groups, Sneaker males, Social behaviour, Social interactions, Social networks, Southern population, Species ranges, Sperm, Sperm cloud, Sperm competition, Sperm competition dynamics, Sperm expenditure, Sponge substrata, Stickleback, Stickleback gasterosteus aculeatus, Stream transport, Substrate embeddedness, Succursale centre ville, Testis, Tidal, Tidal streams, Trait, Transport mechanism, Trout, Turbot, Unfamiliar fish, Unfamiliar groups, Unknown individuals, Vertebrate, Vertebrate models, Vertebrate zoology, Visual cues, Visual isolation, Wageningen institute, Wales aberystwyth, Water flow rate, Water temperature, Water velocity, Wavelength spectrum, West mains road, Western australia, Wide range, Wild populations, Yellow stingray, Yellowfin shiner, Yugoslav part, Zoology, Zooplankton, Zooplankton density.
- Teeft :
- 1cardiff school, 1department, 1fisheries research services, 2fisheries research services, Aberrant stickleback, Acipenser ruthenus, Aculeatus, African catfish, Aggressive behaviour, Aggressive mimicry, Alternative mating tactics, Anglia, Animal ecology, Animal sciences, Aquaculture, Aquaculture science, Ashworth laboratory, Atlantic salmon, Atlantic salmon parr, Barbu, Bartram hall, Beaugregory damselfish, Behaviour, Behavioural, Behavioural interaction, Behavioural interactions, Behavioural studies, Better understanding, Biological sciences, Biology, Bitterling, Bitterling population dynamics, Body mass, Body size, British isles, British isles paper abstracts, Brood pouch, Brook, Brook trout, Brook water velocity, Brown trout, Buffer effect, Cannibalism, Cardiff, Cardiff university, Caribbean cleaning gobies, Centre, Cerebellar function, Chaos theory, Charlottelund castle, Chemical communication, Chemical cues, Cleaner wrasses, Cleanerfish mimics, Cleaning gobies, Cleaning interactions, Cleaning stations, Cleaning symbioses, Cognitive ability, Common garden, Conspecific, Coral, Coral colony, Coral reef fishes, Countergradient variation, Crenicichla alta, Cue, Cyprinid fishes, Czech republic, Dalhousie university, Damselfish, Danio rerio, Danish institute, Danube river, Deep water, Different light intensities, Different populations, Different size, Dispersal, Dominance hierarchies, Dominance rank, Dominant fish, Dynamics, Early life history characteristics, East anglia, Ecology, Ectoparasite, Ectoparasite availability, Ectoparasite loads, Edinburgh, Edward llwyd building, Elacatinus evelynae, Electronic data storage tags, Energetic costs, Energy expenditure, Environmental, Environmental conditions, Environmental extremes, European bitterling, Excysted metacercariae, Experimental control, Experimental zoology group, Familiar fish, Familiarity preferences, Feed intake, Female bitterling, Female quality, Fertilization, Field data, Filial cannibalism, First evidence, Fish, Fish behaviour, Fish biology, Fish cognition, Fish movements, Fish species, Fish stocks, Fish welfare, Fisheries research, Fisheries society, Fishery, Flow regions, Focal fish, Food availability, Food resources, Foraging, Foraging behaviour, Freshwater, Freshwater laboratory, Freshwater mussels, Functional response, Future studies, Gadus morhua, Gasterosteus, Gasterosteus aculeatus, Genetic basis, Genetic differences, Gill chamber, Girardinichthys multiradiatus, Goby, Greater numbers, Growth rate, Guppy, Habitat, Habitat choice, Habitat preference, Hatchery, Hatchery fish, Helsinki, Homing behaviour, Honest signal, Host behaviour change, Important fish species, Individual differences, Individual fish, Internal fertilization, Intraspecific variability, Isle, Juvenile atlantic salmon, Juvenile sticklebacks, Karlskrona archipelago, Knipowitschia panizzae, Kyoto japan, Kyoto university, Laboratory experiments, Laboratory studies, Lake tana, Large males, Larger males, Larval dispersal, Late afternoon, Leeds, Life cycle, Light environments, Light intensities, Light intensity, Littoral zone, Louis compton miall building, Lowestoft, Lowestoft laboratory, Main building, Male, Male competition, Male mating success, Male sticklebacks, Marine biology, Marine ecology, Marine science, Marine species, Mating success, Mating system, Mating systems, Migratory behaviour, Model species, Model system, Mosquito fish, Mussel, Natural populations, Natural resources, Neighbour, Nemachilus angorae, Nest opening, Network theory, Nocturnal foraging excursions, Normal distribution model, Normal stickleback males, Norwich, Nova scotia, Olfactory, Olfactory cues, Olfactory sensitivity, Original group, Other fish families, Other guppies, Other hand, Oviposition, Oviposition choices, Oviposition decisions, Oxygen levels, Pakefield road, Paper abstracts, Parablennius tentacularis, Paralichthys olivaceus, Parasite, Parasitic, Park place, Parr, Physiological condition, Piscivorous barbus, Plaice, Poecilia reticulata, Pool habitat, Population biology, Population densities, Population differences, Population dynamics, Population structure, Predation, Predator, Predator attack, Predator inspection, Predator inspection behaviour, Present data, Present study, Prey, Prey selection, Prey size, Putative prey, Queen mary, Recent work, Reproductive, Reproductive behaviour, Reproductive success, Resource competition, Results show, Rhodeus sericeus, River discharge, Salmo salar, Salmo trutta, Salmon, Salmon parr, Salmonid, Same time, Secondary males, Several species, Sexual selection, Shallow waters, Shoal, Shoaling, Shoaling behaviour, Shoaling tendency, Significant differences, Single males, Small groups, Sneaker males, Social behaviour, Social interactions, Social networks, Southern population, Species ranges, Sperm, Sperm cloud, Sperm competition, Sperm competition dynamics, Sperm expenditure, Sponge substrata, Stickleback, Stickleback gasterosteus aculeatus, Stream transport, Substrate embeddedness, Succursale centre ville, Testis, Tidal, Tidal streams, Trait, Transport mechanism, Trout, Turbot, Unfamiliar fish, Unfamiliar groups, Unknown individuals, Vertebrate, Vertebrate models, Vertebrate zoology, Visual cues, Visual isolation, Wageningen institute, Wales aberystwyth, Water flow rate, Water temperature, Water velocity, Wavelength spectrum, West mains road, Western australia, Wide range, Wild populations, Yellow stingray, Yellowfin shiner, Yugoslav part, Zoology, Zooplankton, Zooplankton density.
Abstract
Animals are expected to change their allocation of resources into offspring depending on their future survival probabilities. Under environmental conditions where survival probabilities are low, we expect to see an increased investment in current reproduction. Fish show an exceptionally wide range of reproductive modes, including systems where parents can be expected to have extensive control of investment in their offspring. In the least killifish, Heterandria formosa, a small livebearing fish, fertilization is internal and females extensively provision developing embryos. Hence females are likely to have control over parturition time and size of their offspring. Our expectation was that under predator threat females should produce offspring at a higher rate than in control situations. Females were given visual and chemical exposure to mosquito fish and sunfish predators. The time until the birth of the first brood was longer in the presence of predators than in the control. However, subsequent birth intervals showed the opposite pattern. In the presence of predators ensuing brood intervals were shorter than in the control treatment. The effect of mosquito fish and sunfish was similar. Despite the decrease in pregnancy interval, newborn offspring were still larger in the presence of sunfish. Our results suggest that the initial response of refraining from reproduction later changes to an increased reproductive output. This increase, however, did not manifest itself as a quality vs. number trade‐off as offspring were also bigger in the sunfish treatment. This suggests that reproductive investment increases in the presence of predators and this may represent terminal investment.
Url:
DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2003.0216x.x
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Osenberg</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>2Department of Zoology, 223 Bartram Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611‐8525</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Floride</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stevens, S" sort="Stevens, S" uniqKey="Stevens S" first="S." last="Stevens">S. Stevens</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>2Department of Zoology, 223 Bartram Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611‐8525</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Floride</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vonesh, J" sort="Vonesh, J" uniqKey="Vonesh J" first="J." last="Vonesh">J. 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type="ISSN">0022-1112</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>1cardiff school</term><term>1department</term><term>1fisheries research services</term><term>2fisheries research services</term><term>Aberrant stickleback</term><term>Acipenser ruthenus</term><term>Aculeatus</term><term>African catfish</term><term>Aggressive behaviour</term><term>Aggressive mimicry</term><term>Alternative mating tactics</term><term>Anglia</term><term>Animal ecology</term><term>Animal sciences</term><term>Aquaculture</term><term>Aquaculture science</term><term>Ashworth laboratory</term><term>Atlantic salmon</term><term>Atlantic salmon parr</term><term>Barbu</term><term>Bartram hall</term><term>Beaugregory damselfish</term><term>Behaviour</term><term>Behavioural</term><term>Behavioural interaction</term><term>Behavioural interactions</term><term>Behavioural studies</term><term>Better understanding</term><term>Biological sciences</term><term>Biology</term><term>Bitterling</term><term>Bitterling population dynamics</term><term>Body mass</term><term>Body size</term><term>British isles</term><term>British isles paper abstracts</term><term>Brood pouch</term><term>Brook</term><term>Brook trout</term><term>Brook water velocity</term><term>Brown trout</term><term>Buffer effect</term><term>Cannibalism</term><term>Cardiff</term><term>Cardiff university</term><term>Caribbean cleaning gobies</term><term>Centre</term><term>Cerebellar function</term><term>Chaos theory</term><term>Charlottelund castle</term><term>Chemical communication</term><term>Chemical cues</term><term>Cleaner wrasses</term><term>Cleanerfish mimics</term><term>Cleaning gobies</term><term>Cleaning interactions</term><term>Cleaning stations</term><term>Cleaning symbioses</term><term>Cognitive ability</term><term>Common garden</term><term>Conspecific</term><term>Coral</term><term>Coral colony</term><term>Coral reef fishes</term><term>Countergradient variation</term><term>Crenicichla alta</term><term>Cue</term><term>Cyprinid fishes</term><term>Czech republic</term><term>Dalhousie university</term><term>Damselfish</term><term>Danio rerio</term><term>Danish institute</term><term>Danube river</term><term>Deep water</term><term>Different light intensities</term><term>Different populations</term><term>Different size</term><term>Dispersal</term><term>Dominance hierarchies</term><term>Dominance rank</term><term>Dominant fish</term><term>Dynamics</term><term>Early life history characteristics</term><term>East anglia</term><term>Ecology</term><term>Ectoparasite</term><term>Ectoparasite availability</term><term>Ectoparasite loads</term><term>Edinburgh</term><term>Edward llwyd building</term><term>Elacatinus evelynae</term><term>Electronic data storage tags</term><term>Energetic costs</term><term>Energy expenditure</term><term>Environmental</term><term>Environmental conditions</term><term>Environmental extremes</term><term>European bitterling</term><term>Excysted metacercariae</term><term>Experimental control</term><term>Experimental zoology group</term><term>Familiar fish</term><term>Familiarity preferences</term><term>Feed intake</term><term>Female bitterling</term><term>Female quality</term><term>Fertilization</term><term>Field data</term><term>Filial cannibalism</term><term>First evidence</term><term>Fish</term><term>Fish behaviour</term><term>Fish biology</term><term>Fish cognition</term><term>Fish movements</term><term>Fish species</term><term>Fish stocks</term><term>Fish welfare</term><term>Fisheries research</term><term>Fisheries society</term><term>Fishery</term><term>Flow regions</term><term>Focal fish</term><term>Food availability</term><term>Food resources</term><term>Foraging</term><term>Foraging behaviour</term><term>Freshwater</term><term>Freshwater laboratory</term><term>Freshwater mussels</term><term>Functional response</term><term>Future studies</term><term>Gadus morhua</term><term>Gasterosteus</term><term>Gasterosteus aculeatus</term><term>Genetic basis</term><term>Genetic differences</term><term>Gill chamber</term><term>Girardinichthys multiradiatus</term><term>Goby</term><term>Greater numbers</term><term>Growth rate</term><term>Guppy</term><term>Habitat</term><term>Habitat choice</term><term>Habitat preference</term><term>Hatchery</term><term>Hatchery fish</term><term>Helsinki</term><term>Homing behaviour</term><term>Honest signal</term><term>Host behaviour change</term><term>Important fish species</term><term>Individual differences</term><term>Individual fish</term><term>Internal fertilization</term><term>Intraspecific variability</term><term>Isle</term><term>Juvenile atlantic salmon</term><term>Juvenile sticklebacks</term><term>Karlskrona archipelago</term><term>Knipowitschia panizzae</term><term>Kyoto japan</term><term>Kyoto university</term><term>Laboratory experiments</term><term>Laboratory studies</term><term>Lake tana</term><term>Large males</term><term>Larger males</term><term>Larval dispersal</term><term>Late afternoon</term><term>Leeds</term><term>Life cycle</term><term>Light environments</term><term>Light intensities</term><term>Light intensity</term><term>Littoral zone</term><term>Louis compton miall building</term><term>Lowestoft</term><term>Lowestoft laboratory</term><term>Main building</term><term>Male</term><term>Male competition</term><term>Male mating success</term><term>Male sticklebacks</term><term>Marine biology</term><term>Marine ecology</term><term>Marine science</term><term>Marine species</term><term>Mating success</term><term>Mating system</term><term>Mating systems</term><term>Migratory behaviour</term><term>Model species</term><term>Model system</term><term>Mosquito fish</term><term>Mussel</term><term>Natural populations</term><term>Natural resources</term><term>Neighbour</term><term>Nemachilus angorae</term><term>Nest opening</term><term>Network theory</term><term>Nocturnal foraging excursions</term><term>Normal distribution model</term><term>Normal stickleback males</term><term>Norwich</term><term>Nova scotia</term><term>Olfactory</term><term>Olfactory cues</term><term>Olfactory sensitivity</term><term>Original group</term><term>Other fish families</term><term>Other guppies</term><term>Other hand</term><term>Oviposition</term><term>Oviposition choices</term><term>Oviposition decisions</term><term>Oxygen levels</term><term>Pakefield road</term><term>Paper abstracts</term><term>Parablennius tentacularis</term><term>Paralichthys olivaceus</term><term>Parasite</term><term>Parasitic</term><term>Park place</term><term>Parr</term><term>Physiological condition</term><term>Piscivorous barbus</term><term>Plaice</term><term>Poecilia reticulata</term><term>Pool habitat</term><term>Population biology</term><term>Population densities</term><term>Population differences</term><term>Population dynamics</term><term>Population structure</term><term>Predation</term><term>Predator</term><term>Predator attack</term><term>Predator inspection</term><term>Predator inspection behaviour</term><term>Present data</term><term>Present study</term><term>Prey</term><term>Prey selection</term><term>Prey size</term><term>Putative prey</term><term>Queen mary</term><term>Recent work</term><term>Reproductive</term><term>Reproductive behaviour</term><term>Reproductive success</term><term>Resource competition</term><term>Results show</term><term>Rhodeus sericeus</term><term>River discharge</term><term>Salmo salar</term><term>Salmo trutta</term><term>Salmon</term><term>Salmon parr</term><term>Salmonid</term><term>Same time</term><term>Secondary males</term><term>Several species</term><term>Sexual selection</term><term>Shallow waters</term><term>Shoal</term><term>Shoaling</term><term>Shoaling behaviour</term><term>Shoaling tendency</term><term>Significant differences</term><term>Single males</term><term>Small groups</term><term>Sneaker males</term><term>Social behaviour</term><term>Social interactions</term><term>Social networks</term><term>Southern population</term><term>Species ranges</term><term>Sperm</term><term>Sperm cloud</term><term>Sperm competition</term><term>Sperm competition dynamics</term><term>Sperm expenditure</term><term>Sponge substrata</term><term>Stickleback</term><term>Stickleback gasterosteus aculeatus</term><term>Stream transport</term><term>Substrate embeddedness</term><term>Succursale centre ville</term><term>Testis</term><term>Tidal</term><term>Tidal streams</term><term>Trait</term><term>Transport mechanism</term><term>Trout</term><term>Turbot</term><term>Unfamiliar fish</term><term>Unfamiliar groups</term><term>Unknown individuals</term><term>Vertebrate</term><term>Vertebrate models</term><term>Vertebrate zoology</term><term>Visual cues</term><term>Visual isolation</term><term>Wageningen institute</term><term>Wales aberystwyth</term><term>Water flow rate</term><term>Water temperature</term><term>Water velocity</term><term>Wavelength spectrum</term><term>West mains road</term><term>Western australia</term><term>Wide range</term><term>Wild populations</term><term>Yellow stingray</term><term>Yellowfin shiner</term><term>Yugoslav part</term><term>Zoology</term><term>Zooplankton</term><term>Zooplankton density</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>1cardiff school</term><term>1department</term><term>1fisheries research services</term><term>2fisheries research services</term><term>Aberrant stickleback</term><term>Acipenser ruthenus</term><term>Aculeatus</term><term>African catfish</term><term>Aggressive behaviour</term><term>Aggressive mimicry</term><term>Alternative mating tactics</term><term>Anglia</term><term>Animal ecology</term><term>Animal sciences</term><term>Aquaculture</term><term>Aquaculture science</term><term>Ashworth laboratory</term><term>Atlantic salmon</term><term>Atlantic salmon parr</term><term>Barbu</term><term>Bartram hall</term><term>Beaugregory damselfish</term><term>Behaviour</term><term>Behavioural</term><term>Behavioural interaction</term><term>Behavioural interactions</term><term>Behavioural studies</term><term>Better understanding</term><term>Biological sciences</term><term>Biology</term><term>Bitterling</term><term>Bitterling population dynamics</term><term>Body mass</term><term>Body size</term><term>British isles</term><term>British isles paper abstracts</term><term>Brood pouch</term><term>Brook</term><term>Brook trout</term><term>Brook water velocity</term><term>Brown trout</term><term>Buffer effect</term><term>Cannibalism</term><term>Cardiff</term><term>Cardiff university</term><term>Caribbean cleaning gobies</term><term>Centre</term><term>Cerebellar function</term><term>Chaos theory</term><term>Charlottelund castle</term><term>Chemical communication</term><term>Chemical cues</term><term>Cleaner wrasses</term><term>Cleanerfish mimics</term><term>Cleaning gobies</term><term>Cleaning interactions</term><term>Cleaning stations</term><term>Cleaning symbioses</term><term>Cognitive ability</term><term>Common garden</term><term>Conspecific</term><term>Coral</term><term>Coral colony</term><term>Coral reef fishes</term><term>Countergradient variation</term><term>Crenicichla alta</term><term>Cue</term><term>Cyprinid fishes</term><term>Czech republic</term><term>Dalhousie university</term><term>Damselfish</term><term>Danio rerio</term><term>Danish institute</term><term>Danube river</term><term>Deep water</term><term>Different light intensities</term><term>Different populations</term><term>Different size</term><term>Dispersal</term><term>Dominance hierarchies</term><term>Dominance rank</term><term>Dominant fish</term><term>Dynamics</term><term>Early life history characteristics</term><term>East anglia</term><term>Ecology</term><term>Ectoparasite</term><term>Ectoparasite availability</term><term>Ectoparasite loads</term><term>Edinburgh</term><term>Edward llwyd building</term><term>Elacatinus evelynae</term><term>Electronic data storage tags</term><term>Energetic costs</term><term>Energy expenditure</term><term>Environmental</term><term>Environmental conditions</term><term>Environmental extremes</term><term>European bitterling</term><term>Excysted metacercariae</term><term>Experimental control</term><term>Experimental zoology group</term><term>Familiar fish</term><term>Familiarity preferences</term><term>Feed intake</term><term>Female bitterling</term><term>Female quality</term><term>Fertilization</term><term>Field data</term><term>Filial cannibalism</term><term>First evidence</term><term>Fish</term><term>Fish behaviour</term><term>Fish biology</term><term>Fish cognition</term><term>Fish movements</term><term>Fish species</term><term>Fish stocks</term><term>Fish welfare</term><term>Fisheries research</term><term>Fisheries society</term><term>Fishery</term><term>Flow regions</term><term>Focal fish</term><term>Food availability</term><term>Food resources</term><term>Foraging</term><term>Foraging behaviour</term><term>Freshwater</term><term>Freshwater laboratory</term><term>Freshwater mussels</term><term>Functional response</term><term>Future studies</term><term>Gadus morhua</term><term>Gasterosteus</term><term>Gasterosteus aculeatus</term><term>Genetic basis</term><term>Genetic differences</term><term>Gill chamber</term><term>Girardinichthys multiradiatus</term><term>Goby</term><term>Greater numbers</term><term>Growth rate</term><term>Guppy</term><term>Habitat</term><term>Habitat choice</term><term>Habitat preference</term><term>Hatchery</term><term>Hatchery fish</term><term>Helsinki</term><term>Homing behaviour</term><term>Honest signal</term><term>Host behaviour change</term><term>Important fish species</term><term>Individual differences</term><term>Individual fish</term><term>Internal fertilization</term><term>Intraspecific variability</term><term>Isle</term><term>Juvenile atlantic salmon</term><term>Juvenile sticklebacks</term><term>Karlskrona archipelago</term><term>Knipowitschia panizzae</term><term>Kyoto japan</term><term>Kyoto university</term><term>Laboratory experiments</term><term>Laboratory studies</term><term>Lake tana</term><term>Large males</term><term>Larger males</term><term>Larval dispersal</term><term>Late afternoon</term><term>Leeds</term><term>Life cycle</term><term>Light environments</term><term>Light intensities</term><term>Light intensity</term><term>Littoral zone</term><term>Louis compton miall building</term><term>Lowestoft</term><term>Lowestoft laboratory</term><term>Main building</term><term>Male</term><term>Male competition</term><term>Male mating success</term><term>Male sticklebacks</term><term>Marine biology</term><term>Marine ecology</term><term>Marine science</term><term>Marine species</term><term>Mating success</term><term>Mating system</term><term>Mating systems</term><term>Migratory behaviour</term><term>Model species</term><term>Model system</term><term>Mosquito fish</term><term>Mussel</term><term>Natural populations</term><term>Natural resources</term><term>Neighbour</term><term>Nemachilus angorae</term><term>Nest opening</term><term>Network theory</term><term>Nocturnal foraging excursions</term><term>Normal distribution model</term><term>Normal stickleback males</term><term>Norwich</term><term>Nova scotia</term><term>Olfactory</term><term>Olfactory cues</term><term>Olfactory sensitivity</term><term>Original group</term><term>Other fish families</term><term>Other guppies</term><term>Other hand</term><term>Oviposition</term><term>Oviposition choices</term><term>Oviposition decisions</term><term>Oxygen levels</term><term>Pakefield road</term><term>Paper abstracts</term><term>Parablennius tentacularis</term><term>Paralichthys olivaceus</term><term>Parasite</term><term>Parasitic</term><term>Park place</term><term>Parr</term><term>Physiological condition</term><term>Piscivorous barbus</term><term>Plaice</term><term>Poecilia reticulata</term><term>Pool habitat</term><term>Population biology</term><term>Population densities</term><term>Population differences</term><term>Population dynamics</term><term>Population structure</term><term>Predation</term><term>Predator</term><term>Predator attack</term><term>Predator inspection</term><term>Predator inspection behaviour</term><term>Present data</term><term>Present study</term><term>Prey</term><term>Prey selection</term><term>Prey size</term><term>Putative prey</term><term>Queen mary</term><term>Recent work</term><term>Reproductive</term><term>Reproductive behaviour</term><term>Reproductive success</term><term>Resource competition</term><term>Results show</term><term>Rhodeus sericeus</term><term>River discharge</term><term>Salmo salar</term><term>Salmo trutta</term><term>Salmon</term><term>Salmon parr</term><term>Salmonid</term><term>Same time</term><term>Secondary males</term><term>Several species</term><term>Sexual selection</term><term>Shallow waters</term><term>Shoal</term><term>Shoaling</term><term>Shoaling behaviour</term><term>Shoaling tendency</term><term>Significant differences</term><term>Single males</term><term>Small groups</term><term>Sneaker males</term><term>Social behaviour</term><term>Social interactions</term><term>Social networks</term><term>Southern population</term><term>Species ranges</term><term>Sperm</term><term>Sperm cloud</term><term>Sperm competition</term><term>Sperm competition dynamics</term><term>Sperm expenditure</term><term>Sponge substrata</term><term>Stickleback</term><term>Stickleback gasterosteus aculeatus</term><term>Stream transport</term><term>Substrate embeddedness</term><term>Succursale centre ville</term><term>Testis</term><term>Tidal</term><term>Tidal streams</term><term>Trait</term><term>Transport mechanism</term><term>Trout</term><term>Turbot</term><term>Unfamiliar fish</term><term>Unfamiliar groups</term><term>Unknown individuals</term><term>Vertebrate</term><term>Vertebrate models</term><term>Vertebrate zoology</term><term>Visual cues</term><term>Visual isolation</term><term>Wageningen institute</term><term>Wales aberystwyth</term><term>Water flow rate</term><term>Water temperature</term><term>Water velocity</term><term>Wavelength spectrum</term><term>West mains road</term><term>Western australia</term><term>Wide range</term><term>Wild populations</term><term>Yellow stingray</term><term>Yellowfin shiner</term><term>Yugoslav part</term><term>Zoology</term><term>Zooplankton</term><term>Zooplankton density</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="topic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Aquiculture</term><term>Biologie</term><term>écologie</term><term>Poisson</term><term>Ressource alimentaire</term><term>Eau douce</term><term>Habitat</term><term>Ressource naturelle</term><term>Dynamique de la population</term><term>Comportement social</term><term>Zoologie</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Animals are expected to change their allocation of resources into offspring depending on their future survival probabilities. Under environmental conditions where survival probabilities are low, we expect to see an increased investment in current reproduction. Fish show an exceptionally wide range of reproductive modes, including systems where parents can be expected to have extensive control of investment in their offspring. In the least killifish, Heterandria formosa, a small livebearing fish, fertilization is internal and females extensively provision developing embryos. Hence females are likely to have control over parturition time and size of their offspring. Our expectation was that under predator threat females should produce offspring at a higher rate than in control situations. Females were given visual and chemical exposure to mosquito fish and sunfish predators. The time until the birth of the first brood was longer in the presence of predators than in the control. However, subsequent birth intervals showed the opposite pattern. In the presence of predators ensuing brood intervals were shorter than in the control treatment. The effect of mosquito fish and sunfish was similar. Despite the decrease in pregnancy interval, newborn offspring were still larger in the presence of sunfish. Our results suggest that the initial response of refraining from reproduction later changes to an increased reproductive output. This increase, however, did not manifest itself as a quality vs. number trade‐off as offspring were also bigger in the sunfish treatment. This suggests that reproductive investment increases in the presence of predators and this may represent terminal investment.</div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Finlande</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Floride</li><li>Uusimaa</li></region><settlement><li>Helsinki</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université d'Helsinki</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Finlande"><region name="Uusimaa"><name sortKey="Lindstrom, K" sort="Lindstrom, K" uniqKey="Lindstrom K" first="K." last="Lindström">K. Lindström</name></region></country><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Floride"><name sortKey="St Mary, C" sort="St Mary, C" uniqKey="St Mary C" first="C." last="St Mary">C. St Mary</name></region><name sortKey="Gunnels, B" sort="Gunnels, B" uniqKey="Gunnels B" first="B." last="Gunnels">B. Gunnels</name><name sortKey="Hale, R" sort="Hale, R" uniqKey="Hale R" first="R." last="Hale">R. Hale</name><name sortKey="Osenberg, C" sort="Osenberg, C" uniqKey="Osenberg C" first="C." last="Osenberg">C. Osenberg</name><name sortKey="Stevens, S" sort="Stevens, S" uniqKey="Stevens S" first="S." last="Stevens">S. Stevens</name><name sortKey="Vonesh, J" sort="Vonesh, J" uniqKey="Vonesh J" first="J." last="Vonesh">J. Vonesh</name><name sortKey="Wilson, J" sort="Wilson, J" uniqKey="Wilson J" first="J." last="Wilson">J. Wilson</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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